Loading...
5.1. SR 04-12-1999 . . . ITEM #5.1. Howard R. Green Company CONSULTING ENGINEERS April 8, 1999 File: 801760J-0071 Honorable Mayor and City Council City of Elk River 13065 Orono Parkway P.O. Box 490 Elk River, MN 55330-0490 RE: TRUNK HIGHWAY 10/171 ST AVENUE SIGNAL Dear Council Membeffi: As you may be aware, prior to considering the award of the bid for the Trunk Highway 10/171st Avenue Signal improvement, it will be necessary to approve the MnDOT Signal Agreement. This document details the cost split between MnDOT and the City, and also talks about which agency is responsible for what maintenance. As of this time, we have not received this document from MnDOT. However, we have been assured that it will be available by Monday. If it is available Monday evening, I will present it at the City Council meeting with a recommendation. Sincerely, Howard R. Green Company ~frfaaW Terry J. Maurer, P.E. T JM:tw O:\PROJ\80 1760j\ 760-0801.apr99.doc 1326 Energy Park Drive. St. Paul, MN 55108 . 651/644-4389 fax 651/644-9446 toll free 888/368-4389 . . . MINNESOTA TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNAL AGREEMENT NO. 78696R BETWEEN THE STATE OF MINNESOTA, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE CITY OF ELK RIVER TO Install a new Traffic Control Signal with Street Lights, Emergency Vehicle Pre-emption and Signing; and Construct certain Intersection Improvements on Trunk Highway No. 10 at 171st Avenue Northwest in Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota. S.P. 7101-53 S.A.P. 204-010-05 and 204-132-02 Prepared by Traffic Engineering ESTIMATED AMOUNT RECEIVABLE AMOUNT ENCUMBERED City of Elk River $8,200.00 $118,481.65 Mn/DOT Accounting Information: Vendor Number: I Fiscal Year: I Appr: I Agency: T-79 I Amount: Fund: I Org/Sub: Contract: Number/Date/Entry Initials Order: Number/Date/Signatures [Individual signing certifies that funds have been encumbered as required by Minn. Stat. 316A.15.] Budget Office: (Authorized Signature) . THIS AGREEMENT made and entered into by and between the State of Minnesota, Department of Transportation, hereinafter referred to as the "State", and the City of Elk River, hereinafter referred to as the "City", WITNESSETH: WHEREAS, Minnesota Statutes Section 161.20 (1999) authorizes the Commissioner of Transportation to make arrangements with and cooperate with any governmental authority for the purposes of constructing, maintaining and improving the Trunk Highway system; and WHEREAS, it is justified and considered mutually desirable to install a new traffic control signal with street . lights, emergency vehicle pre-emption and signing; and construct certain intersection improvements on Trunk Highway No. 10 at 171st Avenue Northwest; and WHEREAS, the County requests and the State agrees to the installation of an Emergency Vehicle Pre-emption System, hereinafter referred to as the "EVP System", as a part of the new traffic control signal installation on Trunk Highway No. 10 at 171st Avenue Northwest, and in accordance with the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth; and WHEREAS, it is considered in the public's best interest for the State to provide two (2) pedestal shafts and bases and a new cabinet and controller for said new traffic control signal. . 78696R -1- . Such materials as described immediately above shall hereinafter be referred to as "State furnished materials"; and WHEREAS, the City and State will participate in the cost, maintenance and operation of the new traffic control signal with street lights, EVP System and signing, and the cost of the intersection improvements, as hereinafter set forth; NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 1. The City shall prepare the necessary plan, specifications and proposal which shall constitute "Preliminary Engineering". The City shall also perform the construction inspection required to complete the items of work hereinafter set . forth, which shall constitute "Engineering and Inspection". and shall be so referred to hereinafter. 2. The contract cost of the work or, if the work is not contracted, the cost of all labor, materials, and equipment rental required to complete the work, except the cost of providing the power supply to the service pole or pad, shall constitute the actual "Construction Cost" and shall be so referred to hereinafter. 3. The City with its own forces and equipment or by contract shall install a new traffic control signal with street lights, EVP System and signing; and construct certain intersection improvements on Trunk Highway No. 10 at 171st Avenue . 78696R -2- . . . Northwest in accordance with State Project No. 7101-53 and State Aid Project No.'s 204-010-05 and 204-132-02. A Preliminary SCHEDULE "I" attached hereto and made a part hereof includes the estimated Construction Costs, anticipated State's and City's share of the Construction Costs, and the State's share of the cost for Engineering and Inspection. 4. The State will furnish to the City the State furnished materials to be installed with the City work provided in Paragraph 3. Estimated cost for State furnished materials is $20,500.00. State's share is 60 percent. City's share is 40 percent. 5. Upon execution of this agreement and a request in writing by the State, the City shall advance to the State an amount equal to its portion of the costs as specified in Paragraph 4. The City's costs shall be based on the estimated costs for State furnished materials. 6. Upon compilation of the actual costs for State furnished materials, the amount of the funds advanced by the City in excess of the City's share will be returned to the City without interest and the City agrees to pay to the State that amount of its share which is in excess of the amount of the funds advanced by the City. 78696R -3- . 7. The City shall submit to the State a certified copy of the low bid received and an abstract of all bids received by the City, together with the City's request for concurrence by the State in the award of the construction contract. The State shall then decide whether to concur in the City's award of the construction contract and, if so, prepare a revised SCHEDULE "I" based on construction contract unit prices. Award of the contract shall not be made until the State advises the City in writing of its concurrence. 8. The amount to be encumbered for paYment to the City from Trunk Highway Funds for the construction work performed . under this Agreement is $118,481.65, which is the State's share of the Construction Costs plus Engineering and Inspection Costs. In the event that at any time it appears that such reimbursement will exceed said sum, the City shall promptly notify the State's Assistant Division Engineer at Roseville or his duly authorized representative of the reason for the increase in cost and the amount of additional funds necessary to complete the project. If approved by the State's Assistant Division Engineer at Roseville or his duly authorized representative, additional funds shall be encumbered by the State and notice by the State's Assistant Division Engineer at Roseville or his duly authorized . 78696R -4- . representative to the City of that additional encumbrance will permit the City to complete this project. 9. Upon completion of the work provided for in Paragraph 3 hereof to the satisfaction of the State's Assistant Division Engineer at Roseville or his duly authorized representative, the State shall prepare a Final SCHEDULE "I", and shall pay to the City the State's share of the actual Construction Costs (which cost excludes the aforementioned State furnished materials) plus eight (8) percent of its share for the cost of Engineering and Inspection. 10. PaYment to the City will be made by the State for . such contract work which is complete and approved and upon submission by the City of an invoice in quintuplicate itemizing the actual Construction Cost and certified by a responsible City official that said work has been completed under the terms of this Agreement. The invoice and supporting records are subject to audit by the State's representative at the direction of the State. 11. The construction work provided for herein shall be under the direction and supervision of the City. It is agreed, however, that the State shall have the right to periodically inspect said cost sharing construction work. . 78696R -5- . 12. The City shall provide an adequate electrical power supply to the service pad or pole, and upon completion of said new traffic control signal with street lights installation shall provide necessary electrical power for its operation at the cost and expense of the City. 13. Upon completion of the work contemplated in Paragraph 3 hereof, it shall be the City's responsibility, at its cost and expense, to: (1) maintain the luminaires and all its components, including replacement of the luminaire if necessary; (2) relamp the new traffic control signal and street lights; and (3) clean and paint the new traffic control signal, cabinet and . luminaire mast arm extensions. It shall be the State's responsibility, at its cost and expense, to maintain the signing and to perform all other traffic control signal and street light maintenance. 14. The EVP System provided for in Paragraph 3 hereof shall be installed, operated, maintained, or removed in accordance with the following conditions and requirements: a) All maintenance of the EVP System shall be done by State forces. b) Emitter units may be installed and used only on vehicles responding to an emergency as defined in Minnesota Statutes Chapter 169.01, . 78696R -6- . Subdivision 5 and 169.03. The City will provide the State's Assistant Division Engineer or his duly appointed representative a list of all such vehicles with emitter units. c) Malfunction of the EVP System shall be reported to the State immediately. d) In the event said EVP System or components are, in the opinion of the State, being misused or the conditions set forth in Paragraph b above are violated, and such . misuse or violation continues after receipt by the City or written notice thereof from the State, the State shall remove the EVP System. Upon removal of the EVP System pursuant to this Paragraph, the field wiring, cabinet wiring, detector receivers, infrared detector heads and indicator lamps and all other components shall become the property of the City. e) All timing of said EVP System shall be determined by the State through its Commissioner of Transportation. . 78696R -7- . . . 15. Any and all persons engaged in the aforesaid work to be performed by the City shall not be considered employees of the State and any and all claims that mayor might arise under the Worker's Compensation Act of this State on behalf of said employees while so engaged, and any and all claims made by any third party as a consequence of any act or omission on the part of said employees while so engaged on any of the work contemplated herein shall not be the obligation and responsibility of the State. The City shall not be responsible under the Worker's Compensation Act for any employees of the State. 16. Timing of the new traffic control signal provided for herein shall be determined by the State, through its Commissioner of Transportation, and no changes shall be made therein except with the approval of the State. 78696R -8- . . . CITY OF ELK RIVER APPROVED AS TO FORM: City Attorney By Mayor (City Seal) By City Administrator STATE OF MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RECOMMENDED FOR APPROVAL: Assistant Division Engineer APPROVED AS TO FORM AND EXECUTION: Assistant Attorney General State of Minnesota 78696R -9- DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION By Assistant Commissioner Dated DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION By Dated . . . RESOLUTION BE IT RESOLVED that the City of Elk River enter into an agreement with the State of Minnesota, Department of Transportation for the following purposes, to wit: To install a new traffic control signal with street lights, emergency vehicle pre-emption and signing; and construct certain intersection improvements on Trunk Highway No. 10 at 171st Avenue Northwest in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth and contained in Agreement No. 78696R, a copy of which was before the Council. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the proper City officers be and hereby are authorized to execute such agreement, and thereby assume for and on behalf of the City all of the contractual obligations contained therein. CERTIFICATION State of Minnesota County of Sherburne City of Elk River I hereby certify true and correct copy of a the Council of the City of thereof held on the shown by the minutes of that the foregoing Resolution is a resolution presented to and adopted by Elk River at a duly authorized meeting day of , 1999, as said meeting ln my possession. City Clerk (Seal) . . . P> H (f.l (f.l rt ::1 tIj tIj (f.l I-Ij tIl ~ tU ::1 ::1 ~ Ii I-' rt . () to tJ' 0 -..J P> tU ~ 1-'" rt El I-' I-' . -..J & ::1 0 tIl I-' I-' CD rt (f.l rt tv 0 CD CD P> ::r P> 0 I-' Ii Ii I-' CD ~ ~ J CD 1-'" CD ::1 I U1 0.. ::1 rt CD CD 0 w to ::1 ~ I-' ~ Z ~ 0 R"> 0 CD 1-3 I 0 Ii 0 ~ H Z P> U1 ::1 ::1 tv 0 H1 rt tIl Ii H1 P> to rt 1-'" ::1 CD ::r () 0.. () ~ rt CD n tv 1-'" tIl 0 0 0 rt ::1 ~ ::1 rt I Ii I-' - 0 W (X) I-' tv cIfl I - (f.l 0 1-'" tv to (f.l ::1 n 1-3 P> 1-'" ~ I-' rt 1-3 '< tIj P> tU -{/} -{/} -{/} -{/} ::1 0 ::u I-' I-' I-' n 0.. H1 ~ tIj I-' 0 0 0 to t:-t (X) (X) I.D I.D (f.l () tIj Ii H , , , , 1-3 0 I-' CD ~ ~ -..J -..J -..J ::1 ~ CD H (X) -..J 0 0 tU tIl El ~ I-' 0) U1 U1 ~ rt ::u CD ::u Ii 1-'" ::1 ::u 0) ~ tv tv 1-3 ~ <: rt t-<: LTl tv W W H () CD n rt Ii Z Ul H 0 n tU () :I: ~ CD tIj 1-3 Ii -..J tj H rt (X) c: 0 P> 0) t:-t Z 1-'" I.D tIj ::1 0) ::u = 1-'" H ::1 = rt CD Ii tIl CD () tj rt P> 1-'- rt 0 CD ::1 .. 1-'- ~ ~ Ii Ii 0 1-'- <: I-' CD El 0) CD , ::1 rt I-' tIl I.D I.D 0 I.D ::1 1-3 :I: I-' 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 '" 0 U'l f< f< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 \D ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 \D N 0 r- 0 U'l f< fIl fIl N N \D 00 ... \D N 00 ... ... ... M 0 r- r- ... ... ... N 0 N tn 0 0 N N N ..... ... ... tn 00 0 M ..... ... 0 I"- fIl ~ 0 ..... ..... 0 tn ..... ..... ..... ..... N M tn 0 0 ..... 0 ... I"- ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... N r- 0 N M ~ Iol U - U ..... M ..... ..... ..... 0 .., >. \D I"- oJ <II ... U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..... 0 0 ... 0 0 \D 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 ... ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 ... N M ... ... 00 00 00 0 0 0 \D N ... 0 \D 0 \D 0 00 ..... \D 0 0 \D 0 N \D 00 00 ... N \D \D tn N ... \D \D ..... tn 0 N N ... ..... M 00 ..... r- ..... r- N 00 ..... ..... ..... N ..... N ..... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 .., 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 \D '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 N . f< f< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 tn 0 0 0 0 0 '" N 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 N 0 0 ... 00 0 ..... I U'l f<fIl fIl 00 00 '" \D \D ... 00 r- ..... \D \D '" 0 0 tn ..... \D \D 00 0 M M tn tn 00 00 00 ..... \D \D 00 r- 0 tn ..... \D ..... 0 fIllll 0 ..... ..... tn 00 ..... N N ..... M ..... tn 00 tn tn ..... tn ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... M ..... 0 M I"- 1ol0 U - . U ..... ... ..... ..... N ..... ..... 0 0\ '" 0 oJ ~ .. oJ fIl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 \D 0 . . 0 ... N 0 0 0 0 0 N \D \D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N \D '" ... \D \D N N N 0 0 0 ... 00 \D 0 '" 0 '" 0 f<>t N N ..... N tn 0 '" tn ... '" N N ..... 00 ... '" ..... r- M ..... ..... ..... \D ... ... r- r- 0 M 0 fIlf< r- ..... '" N ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... M N N N ..... 00 1ol0l ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ..... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U'l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 l"- . f< f< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 0 0 0 \D \D 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 '" 0 0 0 0 tn ... 0 0 0 tn tn 0 0 M 0 00 N tn 0 0 0 0 \D 00 tn tn 0 0 0 N 0 0 M tn 0 '" M 0 ..... 0 CD f;;!2 fIl M M ..... ..... \D ... M ... M ..... ..... M tn ..... '" M \D \D M tn tn 00 N N M M M ..... ..... \D '" 0 \D M " 0 - 1ol0 U N ..... ..... r- N N M ..... ..... 0 .., ~ U tn CD ..... ~ f< . N ..... M 0 tn 0 tn 0 tn 0 \D N ... N 00 N 0 tn tn r- ..... ..... tn 0 0 00 0 '" tn N ..... M 00 ..... ..... N N N 0 0 0 '" M ..... 0 0 N ..... N M N ..... N ..... N N ..... M ..... \D ..... ..... ... ... N ..... ..... M \D r- tn 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tn tn tn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 f< N tn tn tn 00 r- 0 00 0 0 0 N tn '" tn tn 0 0 0 0 tn tn 0 0 0 0 0 N N N N 0 0 0 0 N M 0 H r- r- N ..... tn 0 0 N N ... ... ... tn 0 N tn tn tn tn tn N tn 0 0 N tn ~ ..... ..... ..... tn M N N ..... ..... ..... ..... 0 0 ..... N 0 M tn ..... fIl 00 f< III III 1; ~e III III III ~e Ne 1; III UJ 01 Ne III III III III III Ne III 1 Ne ] III H e Q) Q) e e e Q) Q) Q) e .., .., e Q) ...... ~ Q) Q) Q) Q) Q) e e e e " .c Q) ~ H Ul 00 i ..... ::;: ~ \D <t: ~ ... - !Xl >< >< E-< 0 N 0 >< ~ ~ i" ><: >< ><: 00 " I I>: ...:i I>: Z p.. i" >< 0 ><: 0 >< >< >< ~ ... I>: Z ::> " >< 0 ><: p.. 0 p.. ><: ><: 00 E-< N ~~ E-< H E-< 0 I>: 0 ~ p.. ~ 0 0 <t: I E-< E-< ><: 00 I>: I>: p.. ~ p.. p.. ...:i U \D ~ Z Z H ~ I>: I>: <t: ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ...:i ...:i ...:i ~ ~ ::;: 0 0 <t: I Ul Ul f< ~ ~ ~ ::;: ::;: ~ r.. E-< ;; :;: ~ I I " E-< H 0 I>: ~ ~ :;: u ~ I>: E-< ::c 0 ~ E-< H ~ Ul f< 0 0 0 ~ > > E-< 0 <t: Ul ~ E-< r.. " ...:i ...:i E-< H ~ ~ Ul :.:: >< = ffi ::;: ::;: E-< <t: <t: I>: I>: tn r.. I>: E-< 00 ~ H Z ...:i H ~ E-< E-< Z ...:i ~ ~ E-< p.. p.. ~ I>: <t: 0 ::; I>: ::> E-< 0 <t: 0 ...:i I>: ~ ~ ~ H H ...:i <t: ~ I>: I>: I>: ::> > 0 ...:i ::> 0 ::> p.. u ~ ~ >< ::c ::c 0 ...:i f< " 00 00 ...:i !Xl ~ ~ u u Ul u " ~ ~ ~ :;: :;: I>: <t: !Xl <t: H " g " ::> ::> ::> p.. p.. - ...:i ~ p.. p.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z E-< 0 " z z 0 0 0 U I>: >< >< Ul " ..., z p.. ...:i ~ p.. >< >< " " " z Z H ~ :.:: z tn ...:i E-< Z H H H Z Z Z <t: E-< E-< :;: ~ ::> z <t: ~ 0 ~ >< E-< E-< <t: <t: <t: H H ...:i Z ...:i 0 0 I>: H :.:: :.:: :.:: <t: H H ...:i ...:i 0 g Ul 0 H !Xl H I>: E-< E-< 00 00 00 ...:i ...:i H ~ U ~ I>: ~ E-< I>: I>: I>: S S <t: ~ Z Z Z I>: <t: Z I>: I>: 0 E-< 00 Z Z 00 00 00 z .,l I>: E-< r.. Ul ~ ~ ~ !Xl E-< " " " I>: H !Xl H <t: ::> r.> z Ul " " ~ ~ ~ Cl Cl ~ 00 E-< ::> z ~ I>: E-< E-< ~ ~ H H H 0 0 s ~ u ::;: z 0 ...:i ...:i H H ::;: ::;: ::;: H H :.:: p.. 00 E-< 0 ...:i E-< ::> H H ::;: 00 Ul 00 !Xl ~ ~ :;: <t: U ~ ~ 00 00 ...:i ...:i 0 0 0 E-< ><: u <t: E-< E-< E-< U !Xl !Xl " E-< E-< ~ ~ H Z E-< E-< E-< 0 0 I>: E-< I>: U H H ~ Z Z Z ~ ~ ~ ~ ...:i " <t: H ..... E-< E-< I>: U ::> <t: ...:i ...:i Z Z Z 00 00 !Xl 00 U ~ " ::;: z U E-< ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " " E-< " " " H " !Xl ... ~ ~ E-< H E-< p.. ...:i ...:i ~ ~ ~ z 0 I>: ~ ffi ::;: ::;: > > Z <t: U ~ ~ ~ 0 I>: ~ I>: I>: 00 r.. u ~ ~ ::;:>< ::;:>< ::;: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H H ~ I>: ~ ~ 0 0 H > ~ 00 0 I>: ...:i ~ U U ~ r.. ::>z z ~><: ~><: ~ ...:i 0 0 00 ~ u ~ ~ > ::;: ::;: :;: ...:i ...:i ...:i ...:i ...:i p.. Z " ...:i p.. Z Z 0 ~ 1>:" " 00 00 >0 >0 > 0 0 0 0 !Xl ...:i ~ ~ 0 Z <t: ~ ~ <t: <t: ~ <t: <t: <t: 0 H t.:J H >< 0 0 ~ E-<H H Z Z <t:p.. <t:p.. <t: 0 0 0 0 ~ ::> ~ ~ I>: 0 0 p.. p.. p.. I>: I>: Ul Ul 00 00 00 00 E-< ::;: <t: ::;: E-< U U p.. E-< Ultll Ul H H p..~ p..~ p.. ..... ..... ..... \D N r.. Ul Ul ~N U U .~I N N N ..... M M ..... N M M M tn M ..... ..... 00 ..... M N ..... N ..... r- r- N N N M M M M ... ..... ..... N M N 0 0 0 0 0 ..... N N N N N N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N M M M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..... 0 0 N M tn \D \D tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn \D tn tn tn tn tn '" \D tn tn tn tn \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D tn tn tn tn tn U ~ N N N ... ... ... ... tn ... ... ... tn tn ..... N 0 ..... ..... ..... M ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... tn tn tn tn tn p.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..... M ... M M M \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D \D r- r- r- r- oo ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... N N M tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn tn N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N