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5. - 11. ICESR 08-14-2007MEMORANDUM TO: Ice Arena Commission, Members FROM: Rich Czech, Arena Manager DATE: August 9, 2007 SUBJECT: Agenda Memo -August 14, 2007 5. Review 2007 operating finances and current information on 2008 Draft budget financial status Attached for your review is the current financial information for the year 2007, along with the draft budget for 2008. Included are some historical data and an outline of capital improvements that have been made over the years. For 2007, revenues will be close to what was projected. Ice sales may be short due to the fact that we lost several customers. Not returning this year are, Adam Hauser's Goalie school, and John Bazzachini's hockey school due to low participation numbers, Roger's summer hockey camp, which moved their program to their own rink, and the High School Four on Four league, which decided not to run their league this summer In all we lost about 120 hours of ice sales due to these clinics and leagues not skating at the Arena. However the good news is that some of the other camps expanded their programs to pick up some of these hours; These camps are, The Skating Academy, which expanded their program by about 20 hours, and the Elk River Youth Hockey S.T.P. program, that added about 10 hours to their clinic. In all, these skating clinics purchased a little over 30 hours of ice more than they had last season. This gave us the opportunity to expand Open Hockey as well as Open Skating. Open Skating and Open Hockey do not generate the same kind of revenue that selling the ice to a customer; however it does give the public a time where they can utilize the ice. On Monday August 12th the Parks and Recreation Department will be reviewing the budget with the City Council. At the time of the Commission meeting I should have a better idea where the Arena's budget stands and be able to give the Arena Commission a brief update. Tim Simon, The City of Elk Rivers new Finance Director, will be attending the Commission meeting to discuss the Arenas financial position. Under capital improvements for 2008 the Arena has requested a new Zamboni. The old propane model Zamboni is 23 years and is no longer a reliable machine. I would like to begin a replacement schedule for the Zamboni's every eight to nine years. This would place the oldest machine at sixteen to eighteen years, and would still have some value to it for a trade in. By setting up a replacement schedule it will provide the Arena with two quality machines into the future, as well as give the City Council and City staff a time line when looking at the Cities Capital Improvements as a whole each year. Unfortunately putting the cost of the Zamboni into the Arena's budget would create a substantial deficit that the general fund that cannot be easily transferred back into the Arena's budget to balance it. I have been checking into other sources to fund the Zamboni, one of these is to find a sponsor for the machine, which has resulted in little to no interest. Another option is to lease the machine from a leasing company. Attached for your review is information regarding a lease from Northland Financial, from Minnetonka. The finance charge over the life of the lease would exceed $23,000.00, which is a little high considering other options that the city could explore. 6. Add a Skate Club representative to Arena Commission The Elk River Skate Club Started in 1998 and has grown to over 50 skaters and rents about 120 hours of ice each year from the Elk River Arena. The Elk River Skate Club is an important customer to the Arena due to the fact that many of their skaters skate in the summer programs offered by the Elk River Skating Academy as well as the regular season. Most if not all of their participants are from the Elk River community very similar to the Elk River Youth Hockey Association. Since they are one of the Arena's main customers and support skating in the Elk River community, I feel they could provide the Arena Commission with valuable information and a different in site regarding their program and their customer base. 7. Pictures in Arena Below is the discussion that took place at the August 2004 Arena Commission regarding players pictures in the Arena. As you will notice a lot of discussion took place regarding this issue, however a vote on this issue never took place. Looking at other pass Arena Commission minutes I found other discussion on this issue, however none of these discussions resulted in a vote either. Hockey Player's Pictures in Rink (August 3`d 2004) Commissioner Halgren stated that the display of pictures in the rink needs to be discussed as there are many former Elk River players that have made great accomplishments and whom should be recognized. Mr. Czech stated that the current pictures hanging in the lobby are 10x14 with oak frames, which are large enough to catch the eye yet not too large. It was stated that uniformity of the pictures is a key issue and that one company should be selected to make the frames to achieve this uniformity. Mr. Czech stated that the current frames are made by Mike Jackson of Franklin Builders and he does a very nice job. Mr. Czech stated that the player could be directed to Mr. Jackson or the Arena could purchase the frame and bill it back to the player. The Commission felt it would be best to direct the player to Mr. Jackson and for the pictures to be brought to the Arena ready to be displayed. Discussion followed regarding what qualifications should be met to have a picture displayed in the Arena. It was the consensus of the Commission that in order to have a picture displayed in the Arena the player must have played at one of the following levels: ^ College -must have lettered at Varsity level ^ European Professional Hockey ^ National Hockey League (NHL) Affiliated Minor League Hockey ^ NHL The Commission felt that these requirements promoted college as well as showed accomplishment. It was questioned if there should be limitations to the number of pictures one player has displayed. It was discussed that due to the cost of the pictures and the fact that there is ample display space that no limitations would be set on the number of pictures at this time. 8. Cost Effective Energy Efficient Improvements for Minnesota Arena's, prepared by the Center of Energy and Environment /Energy Saving Measures. Last spring the Arena Commission directed me to look into ways we could save energy costs. An energy audit was performed by Vance Zehringer from the Elk River Utilities (see attached document) which was discussed at another Arena Commission meeting. Since then I have been researching energy saving measures that we can implement at the Arena. During my research, I came across a study that was performed by the Center for Energy and Environment, outlining 20 items that could save Arena's energy costs. Attached for your review is the report from the Center for Energy Environment outlining these measures. Besides some of the improvement we have already made in the report, the most cost effective measure that the Arena has not moved forward with is to replace the lighting system over the rinks and to change out dated light fixtures in the Barn. After checking with many lighting suppliers and installers I have selected two options for the Arena Commission to review. These options are from Nelson and Rudie, and Winn Electric. Neither price includes installation, which is separate below the two quotes. Nelson and Rudie s proposal is $50,000.00 - $60,000.00; Vance has indicated that we could expect at least a rebate of $45.00 per fixture, which would reduce the total cost of the project by $4,770.00. This includes 106 4 - foot T - Ss fixtures and installation of the lighting system and fixtures. Winn Electrics proposal includes 55 fixtures that have 8 T - 5 lamps that are four feet in length. The cost per fixture is $270.00 a fixture for a total cost of $17,820.00. Vance indicated that the same rebate would apply, resulting in the total cost of the fixtures being reduced to $14,850.00. The number of fixtures are typical from what I have seen it other arenas, Rogers has 561ight fixtures, and the Super rink has 48 light fixtures over their rinks that have florescent fixtures. The differences, besides the cost, of the two proposals are that Nelson Rudies proposal fixtures are 6 lamp fixtures and include installation, while Winn Electrics proposal includes 8 lamp fixtures and does not include installation. I have been working with the Arena's Electrician, Nate Bunker from Trade winds Electric, to develop an energy management system if we were to install Winn Electrics fixtures. The system would allow for bi -level lighting so it would have the capability of operating 4, 6, or 8 lamps on the fixture at a time, which would save energy cost as well. To install the system and the light fixtures it would cost about $18,850.00. In the Barn side of the Arena, T - 12 fluorescent light fixtures are used throughout the barn side of the Arena. In total there are 70 T - 12 light fixtures which are old technology and should be replaced with updated T -Blight fixtures that are energy efficient and cost less to operate. Each fixture is about $110.00 installed, however Elk River Utilities will rebate the City $12.00 a fixture, for a final cost of $98.00 per fixture or $6860.00 for all 70 fixtures. Installation of the light fixtures without any energy management system would be about $10,000.00. The concern with installing florescent fixtures in the barn is the cold weather in the middle of the winter. Since we do not heat the Barn, the florescent fixtures may not operate at 100% until they are waemd up. In extreme cold temperatures, the lights may not come on at all. I have also checked into Low E -ceilings. Low E -ceilings are not new, however the material that is used is more durable and has a better payback than in years past. The idea behind Low E -Ceilings is to trap the heat between the ceiling and the Low E -Ceiling material that would typically radiant down to the ice surface. This heat causes a load on the compressors, which results in the compressors running more often to keep the ice at its set temperature. The material that is used has a white or an aluminum face, which makes the rink brighter. The companies have talked to have said that the payback for the Low E -Ceiling is between 3 and four years. However I am still researching the manufactures claims of a three to four year payback and have not come to a conclusion if we should move forward with this product. Attached for your review are some information and a price to install the low e -ceiling in the Olympic rink. 9. Ice Sales Attached for your review is a chart of ice hours sold during the 2006 - 2007 season June 06 -May 07) along with the hours tentatively booked for the 2007 - 2008 season. Hours booked for the 2007 - 2008 season are not complete, Break Away is not scheduled for the fall of 2007 and the spring of 2008, and there are still some customers that will be setting their schedule later on in the fall. As expected, the high school practice and game hours are reduced and Elk River Youth Hockey hours have increased. Youth Hockey's ice hours increased from 1445.75 hours during the 2006 - 2007 season to a projected 1779 ice hours for the 2007 - 2008 season, this is an increase of 333.25 hours of ice. These figures are ice hours booked and will be adjusted once registration and try -outs are completed. An ice contract will soon be completed giving Elk River Youth Hockey until the end of September to turn back any unwanted ice hours. As always, Youth Hockey's Ice Scheduler and myself work together so that the Arena's ice hours are maximized and the teams for Elk River Youth Hockey can utilizes the ice hours given to them. 10. Remodeling of the Entryway and Lobby /School Districts bond Referendum At the last Arena Commission meeting the Commission directed me to meet with the School Districts Superintendent, Mark Bezek to discuss the possibility of a field house in Elk River. John Barth Volunteered to set up the meeting, so early this summer Bill Maertz, John Barth, and Myself meet with Mark Bezek to discuss the possibility of a field house for Elk River. The sense I received from Mark was that he thought it was a great idea, but there were other needs of the district and a field house may not be on the top list. Commissioner John Barth and Parks and Recreation Director, Bill Maertz may have some other insight regarding the meeting. For your review Chris Leesberg, one of the city planners, put together a concept plan for the expansion of the lobby for the Arena. The concept plan is to help visualize what the addition may look like and will also provide us with a starting point to work from. As you may know, this fall the School District is looking at about $133 million bond referendum. Attached for your review are three articles from the Stars News regarding the bond referendum. 11. Staff Updates A. Concessions At the last Commission meeting I talked about purchasing our own coffee equipment so that we could receive a better price on the coffee. While researching costs, I came across B and W Coffee out of Minneapolis. Their coffee equipment leasing program does not mark up their product if you lease the equipment from them. They have several verities of coffee and their pricing is very good. They will provide any equipment we need and service the equipment as long as we are purchasing their product. They sell their types of coffee by individual packets, for slow moving coffee such as de cafe, or by bulk (5 pound bags) for coffee that sells well; buying coffee in bulk can save us an additional $.60 a pound. They are a major supplier to coffee shops around the Twin Cities and the Midwest, not only providing them with their coffee, but with their cappuccinos, smoothie mixes, and customer service that is second to none. Their web site www.bw~ava.com is very informative and is worth checking out. Attached for your review are three price comparisons between three different companies. As you can see B @ W Coffees products are priced less than the other two companies and provide a higher quality coffee. I will be bringing in samples of each companies product so that we can compare the three different brands yourselves. When comparing our concession prices with other Arenas our prices are about average to low. When meeting with the Watson sales representative, (the company that we buy most of concession items from) he indicated that the real noticeable cost increases over the summer came from candy, pretzels and the nacho cheese that we use for the pretzels and Nachos. Unless there are any objections, I will be increasing the following items by $.25; candy, pretzels, Pretzels with cheese, hot Coco, cider, and, cappuccino. B. Arena Projects • New locker room benches • New center match along south wall • Painting of locker rooms and hallways • Re-slopping the lower roof for water run off • Flag pole in front of building C. High School Game Ticket Fund The high school Game Ticket Fund was set up to pay for one third of the east bleachers in the Olympic rink. Over the years the fund remains and has a balance of $25,090.00. The funds in this account are not earmarked for any certain project and could be used to help off set the cost of purchasing a Zamboni. D. Walking track Flooring At this time I have not heard anything regarding the Lions and their possible donation to the walking track flooring. The last quote I received for this project was $44,800.00. If this item is placed back into the Arenas, it will be a while before it resurfaces. Elk Riverlce Arena Account Revenue and Expenditure Summary for Period Ending July 31, 2007 2008 2007 7131/07 2006 2005 2004 Budget Budget Actual Actual Actual Actual REVENUES Ice Rental 420,000 418,400 192,524 410,210 403,503 376,127 Recreation Programs 139,000 133,000 103,707 135,471 108,771 106,089 Admissions 32,500 ' 32,500 21,453 42,556 41,018 47,270 Sign Rental 18,500 ' 18,500 (1,275) 15,792 19,664 17,572 Dry Floor Events 14,000 ' 16,000 8,800 12,002 13,662 12,339 Concession Rent - - - 10,750 21,500 Vending 30,000 ' 35,400 10,789 25,407 29,935 29,370 Skate Sharpening 4,000 ' 4,000 2,441 3,916 3,847 3,939 Building Rent 2,600 ' 2,600. 5,200 Other Mdse Sales/Misc. 3,000: 3,000 847 1,996 2,190 3,709 TOTAL 663,800 663,400 339,286 652,550 633,339 617,914 EXPENDITURES Personal Service 279,150 ' 258,750 135,680 233,878 221,771 200,721 Other Operating Expenditures 270,890 ', 257,450 129,718 236,768 219,338 218,030 Vending Mdse for Resale 15,500 ! 15,500 6,078 13,293 12,682 14,852 Other Mdse for Resale 2,200 ' 2,400 30 139 808 1,101 Recreation Programs 58,950 ' 59,650 36,180 51,169 39,370 40,667 TOTAL 626,890 ' 593,750 307,686 535,247 493,970 475,371 CONCESSIONS Sales Less: Product & Supplies Salaries Net Profit OPERATING INCOME (LOSS) Capital Outlay Building Debt NET INCOME (LOSS) Other Income Interest Income Sale of Fixed Assets Contributions/Rebates Admission Surcharge Transfers In Capital Outlay Eliminate Deficit (General Fund) Building Project Change in Fund Balance 78,000 75,000 40,542 71,805 27,101 29,300 ' 29,500 12,972 28,395 23,749 22,500 22,500 10,180 20,907 8,696 26,200 ' 23,000 17,390 22,503 (5,344) 63,110 ' 92,650 48,990 139,806 134,024 142,542 109,500 ' - - - 70,290 447,630 201,700 199,400 32,205 201,820 198,660 200,215 (248,090) (106,750) 16,785 (62,014) (134,925) (505,303) 15,436 1,400 11,000 - - 6,291 - 8,384 9,098 - - 66,703 - - 106,750 57,514 66,302 39,260 - - - 464,537 (248,090)'. 23,076 10,936 7,863 18,592 8/9/2007 ~~~~~~~~ ~~-~~~ ~~~, ~~ ~~i~~ .,i~v~~. Cfi~pv u'itiirr ~~iilris ~J~iit2 ~,Ci ~i 1Vlinnetonica, 1YLtV 5~3v~3 prZl^i7~~: ~13.5`~) ~?~'i.~iUVS~ut; f.~,4 f~~J"d/7Vn L~~S~ ~r~~os~.l ,.,.. To: City of Elk River Date: 7/272007 Lessee; ~itv ©f ilk River, Minnesota EQLTIPii~~.N'I`: New ~amboni QUARANTt~R: City of i/Ik River AIVIQUNT: Approximately $104,000 Attentiaan: Rick Czech Phone: 763-635-1141 PAYMENT: Approximately $2,050 to $2,150 f8.5°/a to 9.75% at current market rates) TER1Vl: 6(~ END OF LEASE BIJY flUT: $1.04 ADVANCED PAYMEI~tT: 2 Payments (First and last month°s payment) DQCUMENTATIO~i FEE: $295.40 AI~DITIO?VAL R~~~I~2ED IN~~RMATI[~N CoNTnv~~NC~~s; Complete De~cumentation • Invoice per ACC requirement • Certificate of Insurance • ACA REt~L~Ij ADDITIflNAI: COT I.A?'E'RAL: *This proposal reflects current market rates. Actual rate may vary dependent nn market conditions **This vyill expire 30 days from the proposal da#e, any#ime therea0ter must be resubmitted. ** sincerely, Pete Gensmer Elk River, MN 55330 • Vo1.135, No. 30 • July 25, 2007 • DAYTON OTSEGO RAMSEY ELK RIVER Referendum .debate intensifies nd le items near breaking point bo vY ^ School Board to resume talks tomorrow as it wrestles with latest plan to carry the district for five-six years at a $125 million price tag by Jim Boyle Editor Discussion of a fall bond and levy referendum will resume at 7 p.m. tomorrow at the District Office after firm numbers have been applied to the latest and more costly machination of a bond refer- endum proposal. The newest proposal is a $125 million plan that includes a future middle school facility that would first accommodate a K-eight population. That, coupled with a series of other build- ing projects already on the radar, could carry the district five to six years before anoth- er building bond referendum would be needed and the 1~t1 I~r~1;~'~ Na#ional Night Out deadline nears July 27 is the last day to ..,,,,;~+or ;,~ F.lk River t.n lust school could become solely a middle school. School Board members like that optionhat it can be done in a way keeps K-five and six-eight populations separate. The School Board also delved into operating levy discussions this past Monday, and concluded the one com- ponent missing from the District 728 administration's plan was money to reduce student-to-teacher ratios in the elementary schools. A $4.9 million operating levy proposal assembled by the administration took care of several other interests, including: - •bringing back middle school athletics, •bringing back the seven- period day or .block schedul- ing at the secondary school level to increase the number of electives being offered so that students have incrworld chances of taking languages, music, shop and advanced placement courses, and •providing money to open new school facilities. To date the School Board has been considering a bond referendum for: • a 1,000-student senior high school in Zimmerman complete with an auditorium and athletic fields, • an expansion to Westwood Elementary .School in Zimmerman, .a $13-million renova- tion and expansion of Elk River High School to include three additional gym sta- tions, classroom additions and a more secure entrance through remodeling, • a 600-student classroom addition at Rogers High School and an auditorium, and • an elementary school i • www.erst ROGI the south that is now tar- geted to be a middle school The-Bank of .Elk River's F winner of the Kiss the F Schools to page 8 Sherburne Coutnh t badlt's' to kiss the pig Y• JGC uIG ~niciuu~~•~ ., .._~ Fair in pictures. ^ 1 B ..~ .~ $1.00 • 763-441-3500 Pucke rur a i~me rooa coiorrng in me q~ ChecK faucets -for IeaKS. -~ - - - --- -- _ - YY Schools: Final deci i son on bond, levy needed by Monday, July 30 We~a` facility with a K-8 popula- tion initiall The School Board also is mi to lower the number of chil- proposedand where the dis- ,~ ,, y. : , The `.School : -Board "has com tted to providing space for early childl~od program . ~~ dren in elementary:'school classrooms,~; the tax .impact . trict wits with capacities,-cost of opening'facilities~and t J ~ agreed not .to seek LEED- ming m the;north and south. k . began .to , push beyond the ax impact. ,1.D /~,~, ~1 certified buildings on'its new construction 'p m b t The challenge will be.to see.. , .$450-some ,annual threshold A final decision on a bond ~? tnh rogra , u will remain ,committed to e how everything. shakes put, rn terms of .tax impact Early a survey suggested the ,dis- tz'nct notovershoot and levy packages is . need- ed a 6 p.m: Monday at ;;the energy- fficient. and. sustain- estimates~~show ~.the° school :.The a SchoohrBoard' 'agreed , District Office so 'the state" able buildings: The ..School Board has been advised that district proposaisr,buttrng'up against the ` ori~er hmits=~of to resume discussions until after ~~ Tom ` Walerius th , can get the plan,in .time`:to i d it can still build high perfor- suggested tax tolerances ~ , e scliool .,district's assistant rev ew an comment on it for a November referendum' mance schools, without pay- As members of the Elk River 'superintendent` of business ing for and seeking LEED- Area School Board`began';to` operations,'has achance to _ ' certification. talk about adding in money -. , look at the 'changes being - „~~ Band shell: Facil ity .has become hangout because `it conceals crime th ~a and arrested a juve- Wile for possession of a stolen from park staff. According to Beahen recent outweighs the consequences' If the b d h ll for-.larger performances that ' ~~ handgun on-.city property, fe1- , problems have included an s e was removed, the stage.:: would need protection .against ahe elements a tent ;could;; be ~ ~ : on ossession of a hand Y P gun. 'This .arrest took place after a numerous school fights for both middle and high school stay .and performances that currently happen there could , ~° rented and erected oir stage `.. Currently the proposal "has . `- Wright County warrant. was issued for probation violation - students, a place for stu- dents to smoke during school still go on. Demant's suggestion is that . not been heard by`the"'City ' Council and is still in limbo when a group of juveniles hours, and an area where . ..were caught smoking maxi- meth pipes, pot pipes and Juana under the band shell hypodermic syringes have ~ .' on June 21: been found. There have also Jeff Beahen, the .chief of li f Elk R been complaints of tran- u' want to po ce or iver, wrote sients sleeping inside the in a memorandum to Bill Maertz, the parks director, band shell. Beahen argues ~ that the gQ to K~C~S ;~. that the primary draw for band shell is rarely used for ..juveniles ao thin location is any sanctioned event and the of the the concealment it offers value of keeping it there far r, Kingdom .. Preschool! ~~ _s~. . .~_.. Now enrolling for :Fa ll 2007! W~ ~, council recognizes retiring call 763-263-3090 : Q"~~~ street department employee cord of cloy Lutneran ~ churn ~+ The Elk River my Council has recognized a retiring street department employee -for his 13 years of service Mayor 15550 190th Avenue NW _ KIUSItl~,E StF ~nie Klinzing gave Jerry . Mackendanz a plaque dur- Elk River, M.N 55330 v nnr m 1i~11{jDO~ ing .July 16 City Council m eeting. Street Superintendent Phil H als commended Mackend- anz for his excellent work ethic and good sense of humor. YOll are Invited to atten d .Prior- o going.,to.work for the street department in 1994, the Gllardian Angels 1Vlackendanz worked for- the T i o Minnesota Department of Elim HOSp1Ce ' ransportat on f r 29 years. ~ . ~~ Otsego's needs met with plans ~, For K-8 facility ge lay tal ers ies ad- ing be- ar- ses ma mi- •ec- •ea. pes For- ide as- iity ise- ~ss- ind ngs the the nch lut- ing lon. ~ Bond calls for running separate K-5 and 6-8 programs in one building by Jim Boyle Editor The Nov. 6 bond referendum for the Elk River Area School District will, if approved, pour more than $56 million into construction projects -in the .southern half of the Elk River_Area School District. That dollar figure includes $32.5 million for a facility that will be designed initially to house ~ a IK five program and asix-eight program. Superintendent Mark Bezek called the K-eight facility the lesser of two evils. "The price tag of doing both (a full-size elementary school and" afull-size middle) was not realistic," Bezek said. The Elk River Area School District at a $133 million bond referendum is already pushing the envelope as far as tax tolerance for a school of sending eighth-grade stu- dents to Rogers High School once an $23.8 million addi- tion in the plan is added. They found the idea of a contained six-eight program more desirable. Jorgensen said to her it meets the criteria of commu- nity schools and avoids par- celing out eighth graders at a difficult time in their life. "Middle school is hard enough without throwing that at the kids," she said. The plan for a K-eight sce- nario had the backing from bond referendum, but there are district needs at both the elementary and middle school level as well as at the senior high level in the south. Eventually this K-eight facility would become sole- ly amiddle school, but not until more elementary school space can be approved by voters as part of the district's next phase of its 10-year, long-range plan. As parents in this com- munity know, Otsego Elementary School's enroll- ment has already shot past its capacity as temporary classrooms have been added. Rogers Middle School cannot continue to handle both the Rogers and Otsego area stu- dent populations. There are less than 100. ele- mentary school spaces left in the south part of the school district..-The lone middle school is less than 25 shy of capacity. Otsego to page 11 South Growth Mode! K_5 6-8 9-12 HE OE RE RMS RHS i50 750 720 2,225 960 960 1,200 1,200 `07-'08 - - - - - -`-2,152 - - - - - - 937 1,187... `08-'09 2,152 K-8 1,005 1,187 Open HE OE RE ~' RM` RHS °D os 's0 Ise .720 2,825 6QOraeO ~Fr.\ 1,440- x.200 ~ 1,800 ' 09-' 10 2;317 1,095 1;266 r `10-' 11 2,393 1,095 1,266 `11-'12 '2,491 1,271 ` 1,437 `12-' 13 2,592 1,345 1,540 `Y3-'14 2,725 1,372 " 1,691 , `~4-'15 2865 `fi-8 1.408 1,823 The above chart shows existing facilities south of the Mississippi River in the Elk River Area School District. It also shows enrollment as it stands now and its pro- jected growth. The numbers not attached to a specific year are building capacities. (Source: District 728) School Board members con- sidered building an elemen- tary school alone in Otsego, but that plan did not gather favor, given its desire to find suitable space for the bur- geoning middle school pro- . gram in the south. School board member Jolene Jorgensen, who lives near Otsego Elementary in this hotbed of growth that stretches from the east side of Highway 101 clear out to the Albertville Outlet Mall, said both the elementary and middle school populations presented legitimate needs. Board members, Jorgensen included, thwarted the idea Referendum aims to spread ECFE's wings by Jim Boyle Editor The Handke School on Main Street in Elk River has proved a good fit for community education and its complement of early childhood programming components. But the Handke Family Center is not exactly viewed as convenient for those liv- ing in the northern and southern reaches of the Elk River Area School District. That's the logic behind a $2.5 million earmark in the fall bond referendum to establish more adequate y' wt>R1p-CLASS SCHOOLS fOA DtSTRFCT 728 facilities in Zimmerman and Rogers for Early Childhood Family Education (ECFE) and Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE). There are several tacks the school district could take to achieve that, and they are open to consider- ing the possibilities. They include, at the very least: • purchasing space, • converting space, and •building onto an existing school facility. "We recognize the need," said Jana Hennen-Burr, the assistant superintendent in charge of educational pro- gramming: "Our hope is to design spaces to take care of this need." In Rogers that might mean partnering with the com- munity of Rogers; where space for young families and seniors has already been on the radar. One concept being explored is developing a space for seniors and young fami- lies. That would dovetail with Main Street Family .Services, an organization working to provide and advocate for family pro- gramming and services. So far this group has had some success reaching the senior ECFE/ECSE to page 11 my a third of veterans apply for benefits ary ference Wednesday, Aug. 1. days-a-week line. with the third party. the State officials believe they LinkVet will staffed by LaBree, who is enrolled have a way of helping. A new Minnesota Veterans Affairs divinity school at Bethel .me state telephone help-line. Department staff and crisis College in Arden Hills, .~~. 111 ~-~r{~ ~ . ~/ Elk River Municip al Utilitie s 13069 Orono Parkway Elk River, MN 55330 November 8, 2006 Rich Czech Elk River Hockey Arena 1000 School St Elk River, MN 55330 phone: 763.441.2020 Fax: 763.441.8099 Subj: Results of Energy Use Assessment Conducted by Elk River Municipal Utilities A walk through energy use assessment of the Ells River Hockey Arena was completed on 10/23/06. A summary of data collected during that walk through is attached as Exhibit one. Main electric loads are the metal halide lighting and the ice snaking compressors in both rinks. Main gas loads are the forced air gas furnaces for the offices and locker rooms and radiant heaters used to warm the stands. Hours of use for these loads as furnished by Rich Czech, are attached as Exhibit two. Three years ago we did a similar walk through and recommended converting metal halide lighting in the rinks to fluorescent to save on both demand and energy charges and at least explore the possibility of interlocking the lead and lag compressors so they cannot operate simultaneously to cut down on demand charges. We also suggested considering our Dispersed Generation Program by installing on-site generation. Information on our Dispersed Generation Program is attached as Exhibit three. No recommendations were made regarding the gas use. Not much has changed in our new recommendations but your average monthly demand has increased from 248 kW to 2791cW (17% increase) and annual energy use has increased from 1,031,400 kWh to 1,211,580 kWh (13% increase). No additional equipment was added during this time, so the increase is probably due to increased use. There are some easy fixes to cut energy use in some areas such as zoning the radiant gas heaters used to warm the spectator stands, installing setback thermostats on the forced air heating, and increased use of occupancy sensors. There are also some possibilities for additional zoning of rink lighting for various uses, especially when there are only walkers in those areas. These are relative low cost fixes, but they don't yield significant savings compared to the recommendations that follow. The most significant savings will come from changing out the rink lighting from metal halide to fluorescent. The 1000 watt (1170 watts actual) fixtures in the Olympic Rink can be converted to 81an1p T-5 fixtures with high output lanips (468 watts actual), for an annual savings of 88,938 kWh or $3,610 on the energy charge and 17.3 kW/mo or $2,245 Otsego schools: New school to assist elementary, middle school h 1 1 ssr Bezek and Jana Hennen- Burr, the assistant superin- tendent in charge of educa- tional services lent their sup- port to such and approach. Tom Walerius, the assistant . superintendent in charge of business operations, was slow to warm to the idea. Coming from an urban school setting, he envisioned an urban model of a K-eight program` and demonstrated repeatedly the numbers would not work. But fel- low school administrators cleared up any confusion he had. They are looking at two ECFE/SE• Pote populations, but reaching out 'to early childhood and ~teens:is:also a stated prior- ity of the group. "It seems hke a neat idea," said Scott Whitman, who serves on Athe Main Street Family Services Board of Directors. In Zimmerman,. it's pos- sible the space could be added to an existing school, but nothing has. been etched into stone. Charlie Blesener, the long-time Bead of District 728 Community Education which runs the ECFE and ELSE programming, said he is pleased with the board's decision. He said for $2.5 million, the district should be able to provide better space in the north and south and double the separate programs within one building, the first being a K-five program with a capac- ity of 500, and the second being a six-eight program with a capacity of 460. The six-eight program will be comprised of students from a new K-five atten- dance zone as well as stu- dents from other elementary schools (primarily Otsego Elementary School). The program will be separate with the exception of some shared spaces like the cafete- ria, gymnasium; the media center and perhaps art and ntial exists for music. Hennen-Burr sees some exciting opportunities with- in the facility, including the option of developing mentor- ing programs inyolvmg the older and younger students. The one concern board mein-. hers forwarded during the debate leading up to its deci- sion to come with a bond referendum was not sacrific- ing the ability to offer equi- table programming from one middle school to the next. Walerius stands by his coin- ments ,that the district will not be able to offer as many middle sc oo c a oom opportunities at this facil- ity, but he and other school administrators figure the program will be very work- able and will still have access to the advantages of alterna- tive scheduling' proposed in a $5.1 million operating levy. Jorgensen said the good, thing is the K-eight. plan keeps kids in their communi- ty longer and it takes a long stride toward reaching the district's . long-range vision for schools to handle Otsego's growth. partnership with communities capacity of what the school district currently offers in the Rogers and Zimmerman areas. Blesener has met with Elizabeth Golden of Main Street Family Services to begin a dialogue and com- pare notes on their mis- sions. Golden was on vaca- tion late last week and this week and could not be reached for comment: Whitman said she gave the board a report on the meeting, and the meet- ing seemed to be a posi- tive. Whitman said pairing young children and seniors is an idea they talked about quite some time ago, and suggested the two groups were a good fit. "We're excited about the potential," Whitman said. The basic .needs for suc- cessful early childhood pro- gramming have been laid out for the School Board by Blesener and Carl Jacobia, the director of special edu- cation for the school dis- trict. The purpose of includ- ing money in the bond and small dollar amount in the levy is to have families able to access services with their home communities. This decentralization of ECFE and school readiness is an attempt to provide dedicat- ed spaces in the north and in the south. The basic ECFE program would include two kin- dergarten-like classrooms (1,200 square feet), a par- ent conference room and a sibling care room. Similarly, four kindergar- Revenue: Community announcements would be shown on screen Should the screen or equip- ment get vandalized by pa- trons, REACH is responsi- Eik R~rer~ Lions Club ti ~P~saE>e~,x - r~esday IEl ~' ~_ .,ach~~_„ Li~IlS P~ Building CE3, ^ ~ I •..~. S. ,~I.LCASFI GABIT)1' R{)UT~ Au yuu cane 5300 inn JnY^ Yt?ur~wu {aca! trs up candy rnwe. Includes ~S(a machines-:md candy. 49 Pcr All for $9,993.883(776-3066 )-d 138 F ~ . 1~}1!I our ~>" ct's wArrrrn: $uyin8 prc-1965 «hllye civilian nr militar} ..~ Jecps Jeep ~Lndc.r^ and paMs.^Phone ble for paying for expenses. The agreement specifies that REACH will pay Rog- ers $2,000 the first year of the three-year contract, and $2,500 in year two and ten-like spaces would be ideal for a basic ECSE pro- gram. To do both would cost an estimated $3.1 million, according to documents crafted last month. The need for school readi- ness programming is burst- ing in the center of the school district. Its current- ly full at 210 for the fall 2007. program. There are 14 on the waiting list in Zimmerman, four in Rogers' and 20 in Elk River. Parent fees range from $710 for a two half-day/week 3-year- old program to $1,205 for a three half-day/week 4-year- old program. Space Is one of the lim- its, as is the ECFE School Readiness budget, Blesener said. $3,000 m the final year. the agreement takes ef- fect Aug. 1 2007. Using this keeps your Business Using this keeps running smoothly... ~ Si~ik ~`~t4's .~~' your car ~ ~, ~~ -._`. running STARNEWS & 5~ -- smoothly 5O6 FREEPORT STE.A ~ 763-441-3500 www.erstariew~:cun~ annually on the demand charge. That's $5,855 annual savings on just the one rink. If current lighting levels are not presently adequate, 10 lamp T-5 fixtures with high output lamps (540 watts actual) could be used. That means reduced savings but it may correct deficit lighting if it exists. There's also a possibility for greater savings through bi-level control, meaning that light output of each fixture can be reduced for different activities on the ice! Converting the 400 watt metal halide fixtures (460 watt actual) in the old rink to 6 lamp T-8 fixtures (222 watts actual) will increase the lighting level, and it will accommodate bi-level lighting as well. Annual energy savings will be $1,934 and annual demand savings will be $1,544, for a total savings of $3,478. Additional savings could be achieved through bi-level control. According to information furnished, the lead compressor in the Olympic Rink does nearly all the ice making @ 4403 hours per year. The lag compressor was on for only 22 hours. Since both lead and lag compressors are on simultaneously that cost an extra $4075 for only 22 hours run time. Those are mighty expensive kilowatt-hours! Interlocking them so only one can be on at a time should save $4075 per year if future years have the same use profile. The same holds true for the old rink. However, use of the lag compressor increases to 198 hours per year. While interlocking the lead and lag compressor is possible, it may not be practical. If it is, this could save $3,428 per year if future years have the same use profile. Another possibility is to install standby generation to provide power to the lag compressors. That way they can't contribute to your billing peak and you can run them at critical times -long payback though! Considering the usage patterns, perhaps variable frequency drives could be installed on the lag compressors so they don't operate on full load when only partial load is required. This option also has a long payback! Still another consideration is participating in our Dispersed Generation Program. If you would install a 3501cW generator (enough to carry the entire load of both rinks), you could qualify for a dispersed generation credit form us. That credit would be in the magnitude of $10,000 to $15,000 per year. The reason for the range is due to the uncertainty of the contribution of your monthly demand to our monthly billing peaks. We need to collect data on that before being specific on the credit amount. We previously looked at a credit based on 175 kW which computes to $11,300 credit per year. Combining lighting retrofit as recommended with the dispersed generation credit could save nearly $20,000 per year. Use the generator to pick up the Olympic Rink lag compressor run time, and the savings could approach $25,000 per year. No attempt was made to explore all the possibilities on the gas side, but just zoning the radiant heaters to reduce gas use to match the size of the spectators load will save both gas use and compressor run time. We do have a commercial energy audit program that will split the cost of a having a professional engineering firm conduct a professional audit of your facility. Cost will probably be at least $5,000 with ERMIJ picking up 50%. We also have commercial lighting rebate program that will pick up part of the expense associated with the lighting retrofit. If you have any questions on the info contained, please don't hesitate calling. 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Mark Hancock Mario Monesterio David Bohac P.E. 612/335-5858 Prepared for: Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project June 1998 Funding was approved by the Minnesota Legislature, 1995 Minnesota Laws, Ch. 220, Sec. 19, Subd. 11(e) as recommended by the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources from Oil Overcharge Money. This program was selected through an open proposal process. CEE/TR98-2 CM Table of Contents OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENTS .......................................................... 1 *Increase Ice Temperature ........................................................................................................... 1 *R.educe Ice Sheet Thickness ....................................................................................................... 1 *Reduce Refrigeration System Head Pressure Controls .............................................................. 1 LIGHTING IMPROVEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 2 Efficient Lighting Fixtures for Public Spaces .............................................................................. 2 Ice Sheet Lighting Recommendations ......................................................................................... 3 RESURFACING IMPROVEMENTS ............................................................................................. 4 Demineralized Flood Water Treatment ....................................................................................... 4 Electric Ice Resurfacer ................................................................................................................. 5 *Automatic Flood Water Fill Shut-off Nozzle ............................................................................ 6 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS ........................................................................ 6 Condenser Fan Variable Speed Drive .......................................................................................... 6 Reclaiming Waste Heat from the Refrigeration System .............................................................. 7 Cooling System Pump Control .................................................................................................... 7 Improve Ice Temperature Control ............................................................................................... 8 Automatic Capacity Control of Compressors .............................................................................. 9 HEATING, DEHUMIDIFICATION AND VENTILATION IMPROVEMENTS ...................... 10 Low Emissivity Reflective Ceiling ............................................................................................ 10 COZ and CO Ventilation Control ............................................................................................... 10 *Time-of--Day Heating and Ventilation System Control ........................................................... 11 Spectator Radiant Heating ............:............................................................................................ 12 Desiccant Dehumidification ....................................................................................................... 13 MISCELLANEOUS IMPROVEMENTS .....................................................:............................... 14 Power Factor Correction .............................................................::............................................. 14 High Efficiency Motor Replacement ......................................................................................... 14 * Possible low-cost/no-cost improvements OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENTS *Increase Ice Temperature Many arenas can substantially reduce energy costs by increasing the average ice temperature. The ice sheet constantly absorbs heat from the warmer air and building around it and the rate of heat absorption naturally decreases as the temperature of the ice sheet goes up. Because the refrigeration system must work to remove the heat that the ice sheet absorbs, its energy use also decreases whenever the ice sheet temperature can be raised even slightly. The reduced heat absorption also reduces the amount of energy needed to heat the arena and the higher average ice sheet temperature causes the refrigeration system to operate more efficiently. Because the overriding concern of arena operators must be to maintain the ice sheet integrity, temperature controls are often set at a conservatively low value that will maintain ice sheet quality under the most adverse conditions. Because the ice sheet might be subjected to such adverse conditions for only a few hours, days, or weeks, a conservatively low temperature setpoint will keep the ice sheet colder than it really needs to be the majority of the time. Depending on an arena's schedule and refrigeration system, it may also be practical to substantially increase the ice temperature during long unoccupied periods (e.g. overnight and throughout the morning). Unless an automatic set-back control is used, adjusting ice temperatures may require daily, manual adjustments. Annual energy cost savings from increasing the average ice temperature only 1 °F range from $200 to $800 for asix-month arena and from $800 to $1,600 for ayear-round facility. Reduce Ice Sheet Thickness Control and reduction of ice sheet thickness can reduce energy costs while also providing more consistent ice quality. While the minimum acceptable ice sheet thickness varies somewhat from arena to arena, a typical optimal thickness is one inch or less for arenas with an even concrete base; arenas with a sand base may need ice at least two to three inches thick to provide adequate support for the resurfacer. Reducing the ice sheet thickness by one-quarter inch will allow the ice surface temperature to be kept the same while the coolant or slab temperature setting is increased bytwo-thirds of a degree. Increasing the coolant and slab temperatures saves energy by increasing the efficiency of the refrigeration system. Typical annual energy cost savings from increasing the ice temperature one degree (one-half inch reduction in ice thickness) are approximately $145 for asix-month arena and $300 for facility that operates more than 9 months. In addition to energy savings, closely controlling ice thickness also makes the quality of ice more consistent because the ice surface temperature is closer to the rink floor and coolant temperature. *Reduce Refrigeration System Head Pressure Controls Energy consumption in many ice arenas can be reduced by adjusting the refrigeration system's head pressure controls. The refrigeration system keeps the ice sheet cold by recirculating refrigerant. The refrigerant absorbs heat from under the ice sheet and then dumps that heat to the Possible low-cost/no-cost improvement Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project page 1 Center for Energy & Environment outside air through a condenser. In order for heat to flow from the refrigerant in the condenser to the outside air, the refrigerant must be at a high temperature and pressure (referred to as the head pressure). This high temperature and pressure is generated by the compressors that pump the refrigerant through the various parts of the refrigeration system. Since the compressors are the primary energy users in the refrigeration system, reducing the head pressure will save significant amounts of energy and reduce wear on the compressors. Many direct refrigeration systems will operate properly with head pressures as low as 150 psi, while many indirect systems (those with thermostatic expansion valves) may need higher pressures of 175 psi. Typical annual energy cost savings that can be realized with only a 20 to 25 psi reduction are $400 to $1,000 for asix- month arena and $900 to $1,800 for facilities that operate 9 months or more. The head pressure can be reduced in two ways: (1) by manual adjustment or (2) by replacing standard condenser controls with more efficient automated condenser control systems (see refrigeration system section). The refrigeration industry has traditionally encouraged maintaining a higher than necessary head pressure by turning off fans that blow outside air through the condenser and/or by using a pump that sprays water over the condenser. These approaches are very conservative in terms of ensuring adequate cooling of the ice under the most taxing conditions; however, these practices unnecessarily increase energy costs and wear on the compressors during periods of normal arena operation. This energy conservation method has already been successfully implemented in several Minnesota ice arenas. LIGHTING IMPROVEMENTS Efficient Lighting Fixtures for Public Spaces A number of existing technologies can make interior and exterior lighting significantly more energy efficient. The impact any particular lighting improvement has on operating costs depends heavily on the hours of operation. Obviously, fixtures which are operated 24 hours a day will provide more savings from high efficiency improvements than similar fixtures that only operate for a fraction of each day. Maintenance costs for replacing spent fixtures must also be considered when calculating the paybacks of lighting improvements. There are six main types of lighting improvements which are feasible in most ice arenas. Ice sheet lighting recommendations are dealt with in the next section. Replacing standard incandescent lamps or "light bulbs" with more efficient fluorescent lamps will use 30 to 80 percent less electricity per lamp while producing the same light levels. In addition, maintenance costs will be reduced since fluorescent lamps last 5 to 12 times longer than standard incandescents. 2. Replacing existing four or eight foot fluorescent fixtures with high efficiency fluorescent T-8 lamps and improved electronic ballasts can provided significant cost savings. 3. Public areas such as halls, corridors, and lobbies often have more fixtures than are needed for desired light levels. Wasted light can easily be eliminated by either using lower wattage ballasts (dewatting) or disconnecting unnecessary ballasts (delamping). Page 2 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment 4. Replacing incandescent or compact fluorescent exit signs with low power LED lamps can save from 14 to 39 watts per fixture. Since LED lamps have a life expectancy of over 20 years, maintenance costs can also be significantly reduced. 5. Exterior incandescent or quartz flood lights can be cost effectively upgraded to energy efficient high intensity discharge lamps, such as metal halide or high pressure sodium fixtures. 6. Timed switches and occupancy sensors are automatic controls which turn off lights in unoccupied areas and turn them on only when needed. Storage areas, public restrooms, hallways, offices, meeting rooms, and outdoor entrances are often cost-effective applications for these automatic controls. All of the previous lighting recommendations have been implemented successfully in hundreds of commercial buildings in Minnesota. The payback of any lighting improvement must be calculated on an area by area basis since operating hours and other conditions may vary significantly. Many electric utilities offer lighting efficiency rebates. A few arenas that have recently upgraded public space lighting are listed below. Arena Contact Person Bloomington Ice Gardens Andy Baltgalvis Farmington Civic Arena Jim Bell Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso Lily Lake (Stillwater) Diane Deblon West St. Paul Arena Dave Malay Ice Sheet Lighting Recommendations Phone (612)948-8842 (612) 463-1851 (612) 458-2846 (612)430-8811 (612) 552-4155 Ice sheet lighting costs can be reduced by replacing or upgrading inefficient light fixtures and by varying ice sheet light levels based on activity. Common lighting fixture upgrades that are often cost-effective include changing from standard fluorescent or mercury vapor fixtures to metal halide or high pressure sodium fixtures. A relatively new option that can provide even greater energy savings is to upgrade to compact fluorescent fixtures designed specifically for athletic facilities. In addition to providing energy cost savings, the lighting fixture upgrades mentioned above also tend to result in lower maintenance costs, better quality lighting, and increased control options. Three arenas in Minnesota that are using the newer compact fluorescent fixtures over the ice sheet are listed below. Arena Contact Person Phone Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 Vogel Arena (New Ulm) Jim Krapf (507) 354-8321 St. Louis Park Arena Craig Panning (612) 924-2545 The level of illumination required for any sports lighting installation depends upon many factors, including the general nature of the task, the speed of the action, the skill of the players, the Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 3 Center for Energy & Environment number of spectators and their distance from the field of play. Recommended illumination levels for various ice activities from the Illuminating Engineering Society are listed below. Recommended Ice Rink Illumination Levels Activi Foot-candles Pro Hockey 100 Amateur Hockey 50 Recreational Hockey 20 Figure Skating 15 Curling 10-20 Recreational Skating. 10 Because ice sheet lighting requirements vary significantly for different types of on-ice activities a lighting system which can respond to changing light level requirements will be most energy efficient. In addition to using more electricity, ice rink lighting systems which over-illuminate also cause the refrigeration system to work harder than necessary. Multi-level lighting systems provide energy savings by more closely matching the light output and energy usage to the activity on the ice. Multi-level systems are usually more cost-effective than dimming systems. Some rinks have tried to bank their lighting system to achieve similar results, but this approach tends to produce shadows and non-uniformity that can make it difficult for players and spectators to follow the puck. Many electric utilities offer lighting efficiency rebates. RESURFACING IMPROVEMENTS Demineralized Flood Water Treatment Water purity has a direct effect on the quality of ice and the amount of energy used to produce and maintain the ice surface. Ice arenas are extremely large users of water. A moderately busy ice arena with an average of 6 resurfacings a day will use approximately 1,000 gallons of water per day. The majority of this water is use to recondition the ice surface. As a general rule, heated city water is used to fill the resurfaces tank which in turn are used to flood the ice sheet. The water is heated to provide a better bond to the existing ice and to melt and fill in cracks in the ice caused by skate blades. With the use of demineralized flood water the need for heating is eliminated because pure water bonds very easily to the existing ice sheet. A reduction in the water temperature also reduces the amount of energy needed to freeze the flood water thereby reducing the work of the refrigeration system. Pure water also provides a harder ice surface that is more resistant to cuts. Demineralized water can be achieved by two different methods. The first is an ion-exchange method that uses chemicals to remove the minerals. The second is a reverse osmosis filter that allows only pure water to pass through a filtering membrane. Both methods are extremely effective in removing the impurities in common water supplies. Installation costs for the ion- exchange demineralization and the reverse osmosis filtration systems are approximately $18,000. Operational costs for the two systems are different. The ion-exchange requires chemicals that Page 4 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment cause the operational costs to be around $15 per 1000 gallons of processed water. Instead of requiring chemicals, the reverse osmosis systems require additional pumping power to force the water through the filtering membrane. Operational costs for the reverse osmosis systems average $3 to $5 per 1000 gallons. The paybacks on both systems typically span 6 to 10 years. The paybacks can be reduced by a change in the temperature of the ice sheet. With the use of demineralized water the temperature of the ice sheet can be raised slightly to accommodate the reduction of energy needed to freeze pure water as compared to water with dissolved solids. Several arenas that use either temporary ion-exchange tanks or a reverse osmosis flood water demineralization system are listed below. Demineralization Type Reverse Osmosis, Tanks Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis Arena Bloomington Ice Gardens Hutchinson Civic Arena Cottage Grove Arena Victory (Minneapolis) Contact Person Andy Baltgalvis Marv Haugen Dean Mulso Virgil Oldre Phone (612) 948-8842 (320) 234-4227 (612)458-2846 (612)627-2953 Electric Ice Resurfacer Ventilation with outside air is extremely important in ice arenas where resurfacers driven by internal combustion engines are used. The airborne pollutants emitted during the combustion process must be removed from the space or diluted to a concentration level that will not harm arena occupants. A fine balance must be found to ensure that sufficient outdoor air is provided to dilute combustion contaminants, while minimizing excessive levels to reduce dehumidification and heating loads. Using electric resurfacers eliminates the need for extra outdoor air ventilation to dilute combustion products. The only remaining need for ventilation is to assure adequate occupant comfort. Electric resurfacers have been improved with technology from the forklift industry. Electric powered forklifts have been in use for many years and have performed indoors without problems. The power requirements of an ice resurfacer are somewhat higher than a forklift, but this is easily overcome with the addition of a larger battery pack. The alternative to the battery operated machine is to plug the resurfacer into an electrical supply grid. This is accomplished with the use of a tether that is supported in the ceiling of the arena. Costs for electric resurfacers range from $72,000 for tethered machines to $75,000 for battery models. Simple paybacks for electric resurfacers can be somewhat high when only considering the incremental cost over a new propane resurfacer. Anew propane powered resurfacer has a cost of $55,000 which results in an incremental cost of $20,000. The resulting payback is typically over 10 years. Paybacks are reduced when operational costs are considered. The typical propane resurfacer will use approximately $1,620/yr in propane where as an electric resurfacers performing the same number of resurfacings will use only $420/yr, resulting in a $1,200/yr savings in operational costs alone. Replacing a propane powered resurfacer will provide the immediate benefit of improved indoor air quality even though the economic payback is longer than for many other improvements. Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 5 Center for Energy c~ Environment Resurfacer Arena Contact Person Phone Battery Victory Memorial Arena Virgil Oldre (612) 627-2953 Battery Bloomington Ice Gardens Andy Baltgalvis (612) 948-8842 Battery Parade Ice Garden Tom Herbst (612) 370-4846 Tethered Fogerty Arena Mark Clasen (612) 780-3323 Tethered Edison Youth Hockey John Myers (612) 782-2123 Automatic Flood Water Fill Shut-off Nozzle Overfilling resurfacer flood water tanks wastes water and energy. After every resurfacing, the flood water tank is refilled so it is ready for its next use, usually every hour. When fully opened, most water hoses will fill the flood water tank in 20 - 30 minutes, but an employee must turn off the valve to avoid overflowing. In some arenas the flow rate is reduce so the flood water tank is filled in approximately an hour, or the time allotted between resurfacing. Overflowing is common in either method and results in wasting water which is expensive. It is even more costly in terms of energy consumption in arenas which use heated water for resurfacing because overflowing a tank is like pouring hot water down the drain. Arenas can conserve water and energy by installing a simple, inexpensive device used on all gasoline pumps. An automatic shut-off nozzle can be attached to the end of the fill water hose and when the tanks are full the nozzle will automatically turn off the water. The cost for an automatic shut-off nozzle is around $30 dollars and if only one gallon of water is eliminated from spilling at every resurfacing, the payback is estimated at 6 years based on water charges alone. If the cost for heating the water is factored in, the payback decreases to only 3 years. Automatic shut-off nozzles also decrease staff time required to monitor the tank levels between resurfacing periods. Automatic shut-off nozzles are used in many Minnesota ice arenas. REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS Condenser Fan Variable Speed Drive A condenser fan variable speed drive will not only reduce the condenser energy use, but also save on compressor energy use by lowering the average head pressure. The lower and much steadier head pressure will also reduce wear on the compressors. Energy consumption in many ice arenas can often be reduced by lowering the head pressure that is maintained by the condenser fan and/or pump controls. The refrigerant that is circulated through the refrigeration system first absorbs heat from underneath the ice sheet and then dumps that heat to the outside air through a condenser. In order for heat to flow from the refrigerant in the condenser to the outside air, the refrigerant must be at a high temperature and pressure (referred to as the head pressure). This high temperature and pressure is generated by the compressors that pump the refrigerant through the various parts of the refrigeration system. The compressors are the primary energy users in the refrigeration system, and reducing the head pressure that they must generate will dramatically reduce the arena's energy use and equipment maintenance needs. Therefore, the condenser controls should be set to provide the minimum Possible low-cost/no-cost improvement Page 6 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment head pressure needed for proper system operation whenever it is possible. Most ice rink refrigeration equipment can operate with lower head pressures during mild and cool weather because the condensers can more easily dump heat to the outside air. However, typical condenser fan and pump controls are not capable of tight, consistent head pressure control so they are set to operate the equipment well above the lower head pressure limits. Retrofitting existing equipment with a variable speed drive on the condenser fan motor is often the best way to continually keep the head pressure near its minimum operating limit. Maximizing the cost-effectiveness of a condenser fan variable speed drive retrofit usually requires some changes to the condenser control strategy. Therefore, a new control unit for both the condenser fan and pump (for evaporative condensers) is often needed. The new control strategies used with variable speed drives virtually eliminate the short-term on and off cycling of condenser fan and pump motors and the associated head pressure fluctuations. Although installed costs for recently completed retrofits have averaged $7,000, there has been a wide variation in cost from project to project. Typical energy cost savings are $1,200 annually. Contact information for a number of arenas that have installed a condenser fan variable speed drive control is listed in the table below. Arena Contact Person Phone West St. Paul Arena Dave Malay (612) 552-4155 Litchfield Civic Arena Steve Olson (320) 693-2679 Farmington Civic Arena Jim Bell (612) 463-1851 Hutchinson Civic Arena Marv Haugen (320) 234-4227 Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 Victory (Minneapolis) Virgil Oldre (612) 627-2953 Reclaiming Waste Heat from the Refrigeration System Waste heat generated by the ice sheet refrigeration system can often be cost-effectively captured and used to supplement an arena's heating needs, thereby reducing heating fuel use. The ice sheet refrigeration system normally takes all of the heat that the ice sheet absorbs (plus some extra heat added by the refrigeration system itself) and then dumps that heat to the outside air through an outdoor condenser. However, much of the heat that the refrigeration systems normally rejects to the outside air can instead be reclaimed to provide useful heat. The reclaimed heat can be used to heat air or water up to a temperature of 90°F or more. Typical uses of reclaimed heat include: heating the air in the arena, heating service hot water, and/or melting the snow scraped off by the resurfacer. More than half of the ice arenas in Minnesota use well- established heat reclaim technology to provide heat for one or more of these uses. Adding heat reclaim equipment costs at least several thousand dollars, but in some cases the investment will pay for itself in just a few years. Cooling System Pump Control More closely matching the ice sheet coolant pumping rate to the exact amount of cooling that is needed saves energy. The pump that circulates coolant under the ice sheet is chosen so that it Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 7 Center for Energy & Environment can provide the highest coolant pumping rate that will ever be needed to maintain the ice; however, a much lower coolant pumping rate will provide adequate cooling 75 to 95 percent of the time. Controls that provide multiple levels of pumping capacity greatly reduce the energy penalty from continuously operating large, high capacity coolant pumps at their maximum capacity. The cooling system pump control options available include: 1. using a variable speed drive to adjust the speed of the pump's motor 2. cycling single or multiple pumps on and off 3. using atwo-speed motor to power the pump The first two control options have been used successfully in Minnesota ice arenas. The third control option is commonly used in industrial applications and is also appropriate for ice arenas. Two-speed motors provide a lower cost alternative that is particularly cost-effective when a pump motor needs to be replaced. The approximate costs for these options range from $1,500 to $12,000 and the payback on investment is often attractive--even for short season ice arenas. The implementation of cooling system pump control should be considered in conjunction with improving ice temperature control and implementing automatic capacity control for compressors. In Minnesota, a number of newer packaged refrigeration systems have two different sized pumps that are automatically controlled. Contact information for two arenas that have variable speed drive control of the pump motor is listed below. Arena Litchfield Civic Arena Lily Lake (Stillwater) Improve Ice Temperature Control Contact Person Phone Steve Olson (320) 693-2679 Kevin Shields (612) 430-1234 Improvements to ice temperature controls can often provide better ice quality and reduce energy costs by consistently maintaining the ice surface at the highest acceptable temperature level. The ice sheet absorbs heat from the warmer air and building which surround it. As the temperature of the ice sheet increases, less heat is absorbed thus reducing the amount of energy needed for the refrigeration system. The reduced heat absorption into the ice sheet not only reduces the refrigeration system energy use, but also reduces the amount of energy needed to heat the arena. The ice surface temperature can often be increased by using two control technologies: 1. infrared ice temperature sensors 2. overnight setback of ice temperature Infrared sensors can be mounted above the ice sheet to measure the ice temperature by sensing the amount of infrared light radiated by the ice sheet. Although this promising technology has not yet been applied in Minnesota, it has been successfully used in a number of arenas in the United States and Canada. Overnight setback of ice temperature (e.g. from a normal setpoint of 20°F to 24°F) provides another opportunity to reduce refrigeration system energy use. This Page 8 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment technology allows the ice sheet to warm during non-use and then automatically cools the ice sheet before skaters return to the ice arena (without affecting ice quality). Making energy saving improvements to an ice temperature control system can sometimes cost as little as $1,000, but significant upgrades usually cost at least $9,000, with a resulting energy savings payback period that is typically several years long or longer. The implementation of improved ice temperature control should be considered in conjunction with implementing automatic capacity control for compressors and installing cooling system pump controls. Arenas that have infrared ice temperature control and/or ice temperature setback are listed below. Arena Contact Person Phone Litchfield Civic Arena Steve Olson (320) 693-2679 Farmington Civic Arena Jim Bell (612) 463-1851 Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 Bloomington Ice Gardens Andy Baltgalvis (612) 948-8842 Automatic Capacity Control of Compressors The compressors in ice arena refrigeration systems are sized large enough to be able to handle the initial freezing of the ice sheet. During lower cooling load periods, such as overnight and in winter, the compressors are oversized and waste energy. Many control systems simply cycle an arena's compressors on and off-even when the potential to vary compressor capacity is built into the system. Automatic capacity control of the compressors can provide more efficient operation of the compressors by supplying a more consistent feed of refrigerant at a slightly higher average temperature. The higher temperature allows the refrigeration system to operate more efficiently and use less energy. Additional savings can also be realized by a reduction in an arena's monthly electric demand charge. The electric utility bases an arena's demand charge on the highest power draw over a fifteen minute interval during a given month. The power draw for compressors with a simple on- off cycling control is high because the compressors operate near their maximum capacity whenever they are on. In contrast, automatic capacity control allows the compressors to operate at significantly reduced power draws most of the time. The reduction in monthly demand charges (kilowatt or kW) can be significant, amounting to more than the savings associated with total monthly electric use charges (kilowatt hours or kWh). Automatic capacity control of compressors has long been used by a number of ice arenas in Minnesota. The cost to upgrade an existing refrigeration system with a new control system using automatic capacity control is usually several thousand dollars or more, which typically leads to a long energy cost savings payback time period. However, the most important benefit of automatic capacity control is often the reduction in the personnel time and expertise necessary for day-to-day operation of the refrigeration system. This is because the simple on-off control systems used in many ice arenas often demand significant arena staff time to frequently check on the system and make manual adjustments. The implementation of automatic capacity control of compressors should be considered in conjunction with the decisions to implement improved ice Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 9 Center for Energy & Environment temperature control and/or cooling system pump control. Two arenas that have recently added automatic capacity control are listed below. Arena Contact Person Phone Bloomington Ice Gardens Andy Baltgalvis (612) 948-8842 Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 HEATING, DEHUMIDIFICATION AND VENTILATION IMPROVEMENTS Low Emissivity Reflective Ceiling Reducing the amount of heat that the ice sheet absorbs will result in lower energy bills and improved ice quality. One of the main sources for heat in an ice arena is infrared radiation. Infrared radiation can account for more than 35 percent of the total cooling load of an ice sheet. Although it can not be seen or felt, heat from the ceiling and lights radiates down on the ice sheet and increases the load. on the refrigeration system. The amount the refrigeration system has to work varies from day-to-day depending on the outside temperature, arena air temperature, ice temperature, and direct sunlight on the roof. The infrared radiation load also varies from site to site due to the amount of roof insulation, the ceiling height, and the ceiling's ability to transmit energy. Installation of a barrier between the ceiling and ice sheet can effectively stop the infrared radiation. There are typically two types of barriers used in ice arenas: low emissivity paint applied directly to the ceiling, and low emissivity fabric suspended just below the ceiling. Both products reduce the amount of heat that is radiated down to the ice sheet. The installation cost of the low emissivity paint ranges from $20,000 to $100,000 depending on the roof structure and amount of prep work needed. Paybacks for low emissivity paints are typically from 2.5 to 12 years with a functional life span of four to five years. The low emissivity fabric ceilings can be installed for $23,000 to $28,000 and generate a payback of approximately 2 years in arenas which operate 11 months a year. The useful life of low emissivity fabric is over 20 years. Both low emissivity paints and fabrics have been used in Miruiesota arenas with proven success. A number of sites with low emissivity fabric are listed below. Arena Contact Person Phone Bloomington Ice Gardens Andy Baltgalvis (612) 948-8842 Hutchinson Civic Arena Marv Haugen (320) 234-4227 Farmington Civic Arena Jim Bell (612) 463-1851 Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 Victory (Minneapolis) Virgil Oldre (612) 627-2953 COZ and CO Ventilation Control Typically ice arenas are over-ventilated to assure that occupants are not harmed from the exhaust gases from ice resurfacers. The gases carbon dioxide (COz) and carbon monoxide (CO) are by- products of the internal combustion engines that power some types of resurfacers. COZ is also released when skaters and spectators exhale. Ventilating the arena removes the potential harmful Page 10 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment gases by replacing polluted air with fresh air. Ventilation also assures that the arena will pass the required weekly air quality check that is required by the Minnesota Department of Health. If the rate of outside air introduced into an arena is not controlled properly the arena will be either under- or over-ventilated. If it is under-ventilated the arena will fail its air quality checks and possibly cause health problems for the occupants. Over ventilation increases energy consumption in two ways. First, during winter heated air is vented outside and make-up air taken from outside is brought into the building. The heating system works harder because the fresh air must be heated to the desired indoor temperature. Second, the introduction of warm moisture air during the summer into the cool arena causes moisture problems in the form of fog and condensation on the building which significantly increases the refrigeration system's energy consumption. The installation of sensors that measure COZ and CO along with an exhaust fan control system provide active and accurate control of the amount of fresh air brought into an arena. A minimum air flow will typically be called for during periods of limited use (i.e. ice skating lessons) or non- occupancy. The level of outdoor air is automatically increased during higher occupancy and reduced during low occupancy periods. The system is programmed to ventilate at its maximum capacity during the time the resurfacer is in operation and then to monitor for CO and adjust the ventilation rates as the concentration of CO decreases. Thus, ventilation levels are optimized for sufficient indoor air quality while energy costs are minimized. Installation costs vary depending on the number of exhaust fans and the type of control system that is currently in use. Typically these costs will be between $2,000 and $5,000 with a payback ranging from 1 to 5 years. This type of ventilation control has been implemented in several arenas around Minnesota. Arena Contact Person Phone Mankato Civic Center Marshal Madsen (507) 389-3000 *Time-of--Day Heating and Ventilation System Control Implementation of time-of--day controls for heating and ventilation systems can significantly reduce the operating expense of ice arenas. Manual operation of heating and ventilation systems is only efficient if ice arena employees adjust controls whenever heating or ventilation needs change. For example, when an internal combustion, engine-driven resurfacer is operating, employees must manually activate exhaust fans to provide adequate ventilation for the arena. If these fans are left on too long after resurfacing the arena will be over-ventilated which can cause moisture problems, added heating and cooling costs, and added refrigeration loads. The efficiency of manual controls is dependent on how well the arena staff understands the heating and ventilation systems and how often energy conserving practices are followed. Automatic operation of the heating and ventilation systems based on time-of--day and occupancy can result in optimum control of an arena's indoor conditions and minimal energy use. Some of the measures that can be installed to provide energy savings include: 1. Night setback of heating setpoints to allow arena temperature to drop at times of non-use. "Possible low-cost/no-cost improvement Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 11 Center for Energy & Environment 2. Automatically cutting back on the amount of ventilation during unoccupied periods. 3. Automatically controlling exhaust fans during and after resurfacing. Each of these measures has the benefit of being automatically activated at prescribed times of the day. Once a time of use schedule is developed for each piece of equipment, there is no need to worry about making manual adjustments to operate that system. Installation costs for each of the above measures are typically $1,000 to $2,000 a piece. Paybacks are typically less than 12 months but also depend on the current operation of the arena. Regardless of energy savings, properly programmed time-of--day controls provide optimal space heating and ventilation under a variety of conditions. Night setback thermostats, automatic ventilation systems, and automatic exhaust fans have all been used successfully in Minnesota arenas. Some examples are listed below. A,p lication Setback thermostat Ventilation while resurfacing Ventilation while resurfacing Arena Cottage Grove Arena VFW (E. Grand Forks) Bloomington Ice Gardens Contact Person Dean Mulso Dale Skyberg Andy Baltgalvis Phone (612) 458-2846 (218) 773-1181 (612)948-8842 Spectator Radiant Heating Ice arenas have unique heating requirements because only certain areas of the building such as spectator seating and players benches need to be heated. Heating ice arenas with traditional forced air furnaces can result in high energy costs and overheating of areas that do not require heat. Forced air furnaces draw air from a central location and pass it through a heater exchanger were the air is heated. The air is then distributed throughout the arena to maintain a desired temperature. The air movement around the arena causes a disturbance in the stratification. of air over the ice sheet. Air currents over the ice increase the convective heat loss on the ice sheet and force the refrigeration system to work harder to maintain the ice sheet's temperature. The warm air supplied by the forced air furnace also tends to accumulate at the ceiling were it will add to the infrared heat gain to the ice surface by maintaining the ceiling at a higher temperature than what is needed. Heating with low intensity infrared heaters solves this problem by only heating surfaces such as walls, floors, and people. These surfaces, in turn, act as heat reservoirs and release heat to the surrounding air. Infrared heaters are positioned over spectator areas and players'boxes were the heat is needed. The heaters are also directed away from the ice sheet so that they will not emit any heat towards the ice. The air over the ice is not disturbed so the refrigeration system doesn't have to work as hard as it would with a forced air system. Infrared heating has the added benefit of being a negative pressure system so that the noxious combustion gases are expelled outside and do not cause indoor air quality problems. Low-intensity infrared heating has been used in a wide variety of Minnesota arenas with great success. Installation of infrared heating systems cost approximately $15,000 to $20,000. Paybacks have to be analyzed on an arena by arena basis. Some of the arenas in Minnesota that use infrared heaters are listed below. Page Il Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment Arena Contact Person Phone Hoyt Lakes Tom Ferris (218) 225-2226 Hodgins Berardo (Coleraine) Pat Guyer (218) 245-3525 West St. Paul Dave Malay (612) 552-4155 Farmington Civic Arena Jim Bell (612) 463-1851 Bud King (Winona) Bob Monstrose (507) 454-7775 Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 Desiccant Dehumidification Elevated relative humidity in ice arenas negatively affects skaters, spectators, and building components. High humidity is typically uncomfortable for skaters and spectators and can result in the formation of fog over the ice which restricts visibility. The humid air also condenses on the cooler building structural components which can cause deterioration of the building and dripping onto the ice surface. Condensation causes steel components to prematurely rust and results in high building maintenance costs through added repairs and repainting. Wet building components also provide growth sites for mold and bacteria. High relative humidity also wastes energy by causing increased condensation on the ice sheet. Extra condensation forces the refrigeration system to work harder to maintain the ice sheet temperature. Without proper ice maintenance, the thickness of the ice sheet will also increase which also increases the refrigeration system's workload. Controlling moisture is essential for arenas which operate for 10 to 11 months a year. The use of conventional direct expansion air conditioning equipment can handle the moisture load for the majority of summer months but at an extremely high energy cost. The use of desiccant dehumidification equipment is ideally suited for high moisture load applications. Desiccant dehumidification systems work by absorbing moisture. These systems primarily use natural gas which can be purchased at a reduced cost in off-peak summer months when they are needed. Installation costs for desiccant dehumidification systems can be high ($150,000 to $300,000) but the addition of the dehumidification systems can result in an extension of the operating season from 7 months to year round operation. Paybacks on dehumidification systems are difficult to determine due to the change in the operating season and must be calculated on an arena by arena basis. Desiccant dehumidification systems are only appropriate for arenas which operate during the summer months. Several arenas in Minnesota that have added desiccant dehumidification systems to extend their operating season are listed below. Arena Contact Person Phone Bloomington Ice Gardens Andy Baltgalvis (612) 948-8842 Cottage Grove Arena Dean Mulso (612) 458-2846 Blake Tom Donahue (612) 988-3825 West St. Paul Dave Malay (612) 552-4155 Hutchinson Civic Arena Marv Haugen (320) 234-4227 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 13 Center for Energy & Environment MISCELLANEOUS IMPROVEMENTS Power Factor Correction By eliminating a power factor correction penalty, electric bills in many ice arenas can be reduced without changing the amount of electric used by the arena. Often when older electric motors are used to operate equipment they have low power factors. The power factor is the ratio of actual power being used in a circuit (in kilowatts) to the power which is apparently being drawn from the line (in kilovolt-ampere). The actual power is the "real" power that performs useful work such as causing a motor to rotate or creating heat in a resistive element. Apparent power is the power required to establish an electrical field for the motor. The apparent power is used by the motor and returned back into the electrical system to establish a circuit. The apparent power level is used by the utility to size all system components from generation capacity and distribution lines to transformers at the building site. Electric utilities penalize customers for low power factors because they have to have generate more electric than what is required by their customers. Low power factors can usually be corrected by installing capacitor banks at the point where the supply of electricity enters the building. Capacitor banks act as storage devices that store current needed by the electric motor and release the current to the motor at the correct time thereby improving the overall power factor of the building. Power factor correction is typically performed if utility bills indicate that the overall power factor for the site is below 90 - 95 percent, depending on the utility. Not all utilities charge power factor penalties. Power factor correction equipment can be installed by most electricians and ranges in price based on the voltage supplied to the building, amount of capacity needed to correct the problem, and the total electrical load of the building. Typical paybacks are less than 5 years for a building with a power factor of 80 percent or lower. High Efficiency Motor Replacement About half of the world's electricity is used by motors. The electric bill for America's motor driven systems is about $90 billion per year. Given the significant amount of energy and money devoted to motor-driven systems, even modest improvements in their efficiency hold the promise of huge savings. The electric motors currently being used in arenas for refrigeration systems, pumps, and exhaust fans have a large impact on total arena electrical consumption. Electric motors are relatively cheap to purchase and extremely expensive to operate. The cost of electricity to run a typical commercial or industrial sector motor with a duty factor of at least 4,000 hours per year is equivalent to ten times its capital cost. The replacement of an older standard efficiency motor with a new high efficiency motor may result in double savings. First, savings will occur by significantly reducing energy consumption. High efficiency motors will use less energy than an older motor with the same horsepower rating and load. Second, if an arena is charged a power factor correction penalty by their electric utility, this penalty will likely be eliminated by replacing older motors. Older motors have power factors in the range of 70 to 80%. New high Page 14 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Center for Energy & Environment efficiency motors have power factors of better than 95%, which do not incur power factor penalties. Motor replacement is not always recommended in every situation. The hours of operation, motor load, and the ability to downsize the new motor all have to be considered during the evaluation of a potential motor replacement. In many applications replacing a relatively new standard efficiency motor with a high efficiency motor will produce a payback within a year. Capital costs for high efficiency motors are based on the size and type of motor but are typically 30% to 50% higher than standard motor replacements. Over the life of a typical industrial motor, aone- percentage-point efficiency gain will pay for the incremental cost of the more efficient motor several times over, and may even save as much as the entire capital cost of the motor. Many electric utilities offer rebate programs for replacing inefficient motors. Three arenas that have carried out high efficiency motor replacements are listed below. Arena Farmington Civic Arena Bloomington Ice Gardens Cottage Grove Arena Contact Person Jim Bell Andy Baltgalvis Dean Mulso Phone (612)463-1851 (612) 948-8842 (612) 458-2846 Energy Improvements in Minnesota Public Ice Arenas Project Page 15 Center for Energy & Environment i V L d Y W c m m V ~l ELF WI `o a~ a 0 t0 ~U C t6 c U O Q L m m ~n Ln c, • ~ o o a r3 ~, (~ ~ ~ z z z ~ 1. ch M 4 r } r tY7 ti') ~ ~ ~ r r N ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ f N N +~ y m vi M 7+ ~ 1- F- ~' t ~ m ~ Of 07 N ~ O O N O 3 '~ la a ~ VJ rn ~ ~ ~ ~ a 'o a N 'a us ~ a m ~ ° c ~ v v a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ v ~ a ~ a~ U . ~ m •- ~ a ~ >- m • ~ ~ ~ ~ C O ~ ~ + i ~ • v i ~' m ~ s o ~ ~ m o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m - ~ ~ ~ E U ~ UJ ~ O ~ ~ N ~ N U d ~ ~ ~ N t0 ~ W N ~ O ~ c ~ ~ ~ U .Q Q c E ¢ ' U _T C 4T L5Y (4 a L V i ... 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